While cloud computing is enabling some fundamental changes on how IT groups deliver services, from a corporate management viewpoint, the basic principles of IT governance still remain true. However, the advent of cloud computing is having an increasing impact on how the components of the governance process are executed. For the purpose of this article, we will use the COBIT model (Control OBjectives for Information and related Technology) that is comprised of five major process focus areas: Strategy Alignment, Value Delivery, Resource Management, Risk Management, and Performance Measurement.
Governance at its core is the effective management of the IT function to ensure that an organization is realizing maximum value from its investments in information technology. Many companies, especially those with considerable IT budgets, have implemented significant internal IT governance procedures to manage their IT investment portfolio. This governance function provides the processes and framework for the management team to analyze, understand, and manage the level of return on the organizations technology investments. Industry studies show that on average, companies with effective IT governance processes in place average 5-7 percent less in equivalent IT spend to deliver the same functionality as compared to those companies that do not.
Any proper IT governance function also requires active management participation, the proper forum to make IT related decisions, and effective communication between the IT organization and the company's management team. While these factors are critical to creating a successful IT governance function, there are five essential areas of process focus as spelled out in the COBIT model, which are described here:
Now that we have discussed the impact of cloud computing on the IT group, let's examine how cloud computing effects the five governance factors as defined in the COBIT model.
Value Delivery: Under the pre-cloud provisioning model, most new projects included costs for hardware to support the application and usually for testing and development environments also. IT was also guilty of over-buying hardware to ensure that if there were performance issues they were at least not hardware-related and to provide capacity for peak loads that might never materialize. Cloud computing offers several options that can change the cost model and free up more of the IT budget for innovation and not for under-utilized hardware and associated support. One option would be to provision test and QA instances via the cloud instead of purchasing additional servers or to shift peak loads to the cloud instead of maintaining that capacity internally. Cloud-based tools could also enable rapid prototyping, allowing for quicker delivery of business applications. With the potential cost savings, projects that were cost prohibitive may now be viable or funds freed up to support additional projects. Certainly some of these issues can be addressed using virtualization but cloud gives the IT group another tool in its tool kit to attack business problems. With the right strategy and mix of technologies, the IT group can deliver more value for potentially less money. There is one caveat. In order to ensure that proper value is being delivered, the IT organization needs to have a firm grasp on its internal cost structure as mentioned above in order to correctly drive investments.
Resource Management: One of the challenges in any IT group is appropriately managing the resources as its disposal to provide as much business value as possible. Cloud computing can impact the resources available to IT in a variety of ways. From a personnel standpoint, cloud will require a shift in operational skill sets from a more internally focused system services mentality to a more holistic system viewpoint oriented around delivering business value and not system infrastructure. IT staff will need to have increased knowledge of the value chain in the business to better understand where cloud technologies can fit in and to also recognize where they are not appropriate. IT management should include a plan to deal with the personnel skills changes required and incorporate that into any overall cloud adaptation strategy. Cloud can also impact system resources by requiring additional network bandwidth, monitoring tools, or other items to appropriately manage and maintain this new hybrid environment.
Risk Management: This is one of the most critical areas of governance impacted by cloud computing. Critical questions arise when cloud computing is brought into the existing IT ecosystem. These questions include those oriented to data protection and business continuity such as, impact to existing disaster recovery plans, how backups/restores and data archival policies are effected, and how are any business continuity plans effected. IT management must have a clear understanding of risk related to vendor service levels, strategies for mitigating that risk and how any potential outages would impact the business. IT also must examine security access and potential risks from putting corporate data into the cloud and what the potential impact might be on the business if data is lost or access control is breached. Other risks that need to be addressed revolve around the viability of the vendor, long-term prospects of any particular technology, and the impact to the existing IT infrastructure. All these questions and more must be asked and addressed, particularly as cloud computing is embraced for more critical business applications and IT services.
Performance Measurement: This area looks at the overall achievement of the IT organization. While cloud does not directly impact the purpose of this portion of the governance process, it does modify some aspects of the underlying key performance measures. Performance measurement is directed at providing management with information on how the IT group is performing outside of conventional accounting measures such as project completion, resource usage, service delivery, and user support metrics. While not integral to the adoption of cloud computing, the setting of governance goals and objectives should take into account the impact of using cloud resources. This could include completing projects quicker by provisioning resources via the cloud or using cloud resources to speed prototyping, or higher efficiencies in using funding and personnel resources by leveraging cloud capabilities. IT organizations will need to review and adjust their metrics and measurements and adjust accordingly.
Strategic Alignment: The primary goal of IT governance is to ensure alignment with organizational objective, cloud computing would not have a significant impact on this area of the IT governance process. Regardless of the technical architecture being proposed for a project, the management team needs to maintain the linkage of business goals and IT plans and ensure that IT projects and operations align with the enterprise needs.
Governance at its core is the effective management of the IT function to ensure that an organization is realizing maximum value from its investments in information technology. Many companies, especially those with considerable IT budgets, have implemented significant internal IT governance procedures to manage their IT investment portfolio. This governance function provides the processes and framework for the management team to analyze, understand, and manage the level of return on the organizations technology investments. Industry studies show that on average, companies with effective IT governance processes in place average 5-7 percent less in equivalent IT spend to deliver the same functionality as compared to those companies that do not.
Any proper IT governance function also requires active management participation, the proper forum to make IT related decisions, and effective communication between the IT organization and the company's management team. While these factors are critical to creating a successful IT governance function, there are five essential areas of process focus as spelled out in the COBIT model, which are described here:
- Strategic Alignment: This focuses on ensuring the linkage of business and IT plans; defining, maintaining and validating the IT value proposition; and aligning IT projects and operations with enterprise operations.
- Value Delivery: This is about executing the value proposition throughout the delivery cycle, ensuring that IT delivers the promised benefits against the strategy, concentrating on optimizing costs and proving the intrinsic value of IT.
- Resource Management: This is about the optimal investment in, and the proper management of, critical IT resources: applications, information, infrastructure and people. Key issues relate to the optimization of system knowledge and technical infrastructure.
- Risk Management: This requires risk awareness by senior corporate officers, a clear understanding of the enterprise's appetite for risk, understanding of compliance requirements, transparency about the significant risks to the enterprise and embedding of risk management responsibilities into the IT organization.
- Performance Measurement: This tracks and monitors strategy implementation, project completion, resource usage, process performance and service delivery, using, for example, balanced scorecards that translate strategy into action to achieve goals measurable beyond conventional accounting.
Now that we have discussed the impact of cloud computing on the IT group, let's examine how cloud computing effects the five governance factors as defined in the COBIT model.
Value Delivery: Under the pre-cloud provisioning model, most new projects included costs for hardware to support the application and usually for testing and development environments also. IT was also guilty of over-buying hardware to ensure that if there were performance issues they were at least not hardware-related and to provide capacity for peak loads that might never materialize. Cloud computing offers several options that can change the cost model and free up more of the IT budget for innovation and not for under-utilized hardware and associated support. One option would be to provision test and QA instances via the cloud instead of purchasing additional servers or to shift peak loads to the cloud instead of maintaining that capacity internally. Cloud-based tools could also enable rapid prototyping, allowing for quicker delivery of business applications. With the potential cost savings, projects that were cost prohibitive may now be viable or funds freed up to support additional projects. Certainly some of these issues can be addressed using virtualization but cloud gives the IT group another tool in its tool kit to attack business problems. With the right strategy and mix of technologies, the IT group can deliver more value for potentially less money. There is one caveat. In order to ensure that proper value is being delivered, the IT organization needs to have a firm grasp on its internal cost structure as mentioned above in order to correctly drive investments.
Resource Management: One of the challenges in any IT group is appropriately managing the resources as its disposal to provide as much business value as possible. Cloud computing can impact the resources available to IT in a variety of ways. From a personnel standpoint, cloud will require a shift in operational skill sets from a more internally focused system services mentality to a more holistic system viewpoint oriented around delivering business value and not system infrastructure. IT staff will need to have increased knowledge of the value chain in the business to better understand where cloud technologies can fit in and to also recognize where they are not appropriate. IT management should include a plan to deal with the personnel skills changes required and incorporate that into any overall cloud adaptation strategy. Cloud can also impact system resources by requiring additional network bandwidth, monitoring tools, or other items to appropriately manage and maintain this new hybrid environment.
Risk Management: This is one of the most critical areas of governance impacted by cloud computing. Critical questions arise when cloud computing is brought into the existing IT ecosystem. These questions include those oriented to data protection and business continuity such as, impact to existing disaster recovery plans, how backups/restores and data archival policies are effected, and how are any business continuity plans effected. IT management must have a clear understanding of risk related to vendor service levels, strategies for mitigating that risk and how any potential outages would impact the business. IT also must examine security access and potential risks from putting corporate data into the cloud and what the potential impact might be on the business if data is lost or access control is breached. Other risks that need to be addressed revolve around the viability of the vendor, long-term prospects of any particular technology, and the impact to the existing IT infrastructure. All these questions and more must be asked and addressed, particularly as cloud computing is embraced for more critical business applications and IT services.
Performance Measurement: This area looks at the overall achievement of the IT organization. While cloud does not directly impact the purpose of this portion of the governance process, it does modify some aspects of the underlying key performance measures. Performance measurement is directed at providing management with information on how the IT group is performing outside of conventional accounting measures such as project completion, resource usage, service delivery, and user support metrics. While not integral to the adoption of cloud computing, the setting of governance goals and objectives should take into account the impact of using cloud resources. This could include completing projects quicker by provisioning resources via the cloud or using cloud resources to speed prototyping, or higher efficiencies in using funding and personnel resources by leveraging cloud capabilities. IT organizations will need to review and adjust their metrics and measurements and adjust accordingly.
Strategic Alignment: The primary goal of IT governance is to ensure alignment with organizational objective, cloud computing would not have a significant impact on this area of the IT governance process. Regardless of the technical architecture being proposed for a project, the management team needs to maintain the linkage of business goals and IT plans and ensure that IT projects and operations align with the enterprise needs.
